Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory.
The extreme end of failure where a total vacuum of authority exists, and political goods are provided only by local, uncoordinated forces. 2. Primary Causes of State Failure When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
Perform well across all categories, ensuring security, law, and basic infrastructure. Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government
Human agency is often the most direct cause, as rulers subvert democratic norms and work for personal or kin-based gain. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences