Traditionally, property was defined by horizontal boundaries on the ground, extending indefinitely up and down. Modern law allows for vertical boundaries that separate different parts of a building (e.g., a subway station located vertically beneath an office building) into separate legal entities.

Legal scholars use the term to describe a vertical boundary that separates national law from EU law (as opposed to horizontal boundaries between different regulations within the same level).

In geological surveys, a "vertikal gräns" describes a sharp transition between different types of rock or soil layers that stands upright rather than lying flat.

It can represent an abstract division between those "on the ground" (citizens) and those "up there" (institutional elites). 4. Technical and Industrial Applications

Surveys of Swedish mines, such as the Johannisberg mine , describe "nästan vertikal gräns" (nearly vertical boundaries) between different ore veins or granite types.

It is used in 3D modeling of groundwater to define vertical divisions between different hydraulic conductivity zones in the soil. 3. Political and Legal Theory