: Its rhizomes and roots are valued for improving blood circulation, purifying blood, and treating inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and psoriasis.
This is a perennial climbing vine widely used in and Ayurveda . : Its rhizomes and roots are valued for
: It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin), terpenes, and cyclopeptides . 2. Rubia tinctorum (Common Madder) and neuroprotective effects.
Historically famous for the dye, this species is native to Europe and the Middle East. : Its rhizomes and roots are valued for
: The dried roots contain the pigment alizarin , which was the primary source for red textiles before synthetic dyes were developed.
: Research has highlighted its antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.