Janice Radway's (1984) is a foundational text in cultural studies that transformed how scholars view popular fiction. Rather than just analyzing the text of romance novels, Radway used an ethnographic approach to study why actual women read them. The Core Study: The "Smithton Women"

: The readers sought stories where a hero is initially cold but eventually provides the heroine with intense care and tenderness. Radway posited that women used these stories to fulfill emotional needs for nurturance that were often unmet in their real-life roles as the primary caregivers for others.

: The Smithton women were highly critical and had specific criteria for a "good" romance, most notably a Happy Ever After (HEA) ending and a strong, sympathetic heroine. Rereading Janice Radway's Reading the Romance