The transition of society from religious values toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
States like France and England began prioritizing national security and territorial expansion over religious unity. ⚔️ The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
The House of Hapsburg aimed for a "Universal Monarchy" under the Holy Roman Empire, leading to tensions with other emerging powers. The transition of society from religious values toward
This was the defining conflict of the era, initially sparked by religious tensions in Bohemia but evolving into a continent-wide struggle for power.
This treaty fundamentally reshaped the world order by establishing several core principles: This was the defining conflict of the era,
The political or military predominance of one state over others.
Recognition that each state has exclusive authority over its territory. The Catholic League (led by the Hapsburgs) vs
The Catholic League (led by the Hapsburgs) vs. the Protestant Union (supported by France, Sweden, and Denmark).