This stage transforms molten iron or scrap into crude steel by reducing carbon content and removing further impurities.

: High-purity oxygen is blown onto molten iron (often with some scrap). This oxidizes the excess carbon (dropping it from ~4% to below 1%) and other impurities.

: This process primarily uses recycled steel scrap . High-power electric arcs melt the scrap, making it a highly efficient recycling method. 3. Secondary Steelmaking and Metallurgy

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