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: Immediately after, the attacker broadcasts their pre-mined block to the network.

The attack combines elements of a and a Race attack by leveraging a pre-mined block. Bitcoin_Fake_Transaction_Vector76_attack_Full_V...

: Once the attacker finds a block, they quickly send a second transaction—sending the same coins from Address A to the exchange's Address C—directly to the exchange's node. : Immediately after, the attacker broadcasts their pre-mined

: Most modern exchanges and Bitcoin services mitigate this by requiring three to six confirmations before funds are cleared, making the cost of maintaining the fake chain prohibitively expensive for an attacker. Key Characteristics : Most modern exchanges and Bitcoin services mitigate

: The attacker connects to a well-connected node (like an exchange's node) and a mining pool. They mine a block containing a transaction that sends coins from Address A to Address B (both controlled by the attacker) but do not broadcast it immediately.

: The merchant/exchange loses the goods or currency, while the attacker retains their original Bitcoin on the main chain.

The (also known as a one-confirmation attack) is a sophisticated form of double-spending in Bitcoin that exploits the way nodes handle "orphaned" blocks and transaction confirmations. It allows an attacker to trick a recipient (often an exchange) into accepting a transaction that will ultimately be invalidated. How the Vector76 Attack Works