: This era was a precursor to the "Military Revolution." European states began refining the use of artillery, firearms, and fortifications , giving them a comparative advantage in violence well before the 1800s. Art and Illuminated Manuscripts
: Significant manuscripts from this period include the Illuminated Chronicle (c. 1360) and the Speculum Humanae Salvationis (1379).
: Italian and other European artists developed distinct miniature painting techniques that captured religious and courtly life with increasing detail. Material Culture and Warfare
The period following the initial 1348 outbreak of the Black Death saw radical changes in wealth distribution and labor.
: Riveted mail hauberks from Germany and composite armors from North Italy provide insight into the protection worn by the 14th-century elite .
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: Because of labor shortages, survivors in Western Europe often had more room for decision-making and the commercialization of agrarian produce .
